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<div style="text-align: center">
<h1 style="font-size: 3rem">Proposed Research Project</h1>
<div>The Bird Diversity Between Tree Species in Hong Kong</div>
<div>UCLAN ID: G21260508</div>
<div>Email: MLEE1414@student.myersough.ac.uk</div>
</div>
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<div>
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<div class="intro_and_meth">
<div class="cell">
<div class="title">Introduction :</div>
<div class="content">
<p>
This study focus on the bird diversity between tree
species in Hong Kong. Stagoll et al. (2012) mentioned that
old trees can be greater quantity of eatable food sources
for different type of organisms. Furthermore, according
Barth et al. (2015), established trees can attract more
birds than young tree because it can generate more fruits
and generate tree hollows.
</p>
<p>
This paper is to investigate i) the necessary and
advantages on implementing a holistic green planning
including to introduce more tree species which could
easily accommodate different kind of bird and the
possibility of alternative proposal in urban greenery, ii)
to study whether bird species are correlated with the
species and iii) current situation of tree species and
bird species in Hong Kong and assessing the opportunities
and the barrier on implementation at present.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="title">Methodology:</div>
<div class="content">
<p>
The study will be based on a systemic search and
categorizing of relevant literature review on
ScienceDirect databases (January 2014 January 2024) to
extract original research paper examining bird diversity
between tree species , relevant literatures published
between March 2014 to March 2024 only with English
language. Papers will includes the data collection and
analysis. Conference proceedings and papers difficult to
locate were exclude. Evidence for showing importance on
linkage of local, district and regional green forestry
with bird diversity are summaries in general.
</p>
<p>
For the species of trees, Old Value Trees and non Old
Values Trees in Hong Kong will be selected for flied work.
Information will be analysis by the statistical method,
describing data using descriptive statistics ( e.g.
graphical presentation)
</p>
<p>
For the tool collecting tree bird data, the range finder
app and binoculars will be used as estimate the tree
height and use to count the far objects.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="min-width: 55%;">
<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: 3rem; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.5); padding: 1rem;;">
<div class="table-style" style="width: 50%; overflow-y: hidden">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="td1">No.</td>
<td class="td2">Title</td>
<td class="td3">Author</td>
<td class="td4">Year of publication</td>
<td class="td5">
Study location (city, state, country, continents and climatic zones)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>
Single dead trees matter: Small-scale canopy gaps
increase the species richness, diversity and abundance
of birds breeding in a temperate deciduous forest
</td>
<td>Pawe Lewandowski, Fabian Przepióra</td>
<td>2021</td>
<td>Carpathians (SE Poland)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>
How do edge effect and tree species diversity change
bird diversity and avian nest survival in Germanys
largest deciduous forest?
</td>
<td>Péter Batáry, Stefanie Fronczek</td>
<td>2014</td>
<td>Hainich National Park, Germany.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>
Relating forest structural characteristics to bat and
bird diversity in the Italian Alps
</td>
<td>Francesca Rigo, Chiara Paniccia</td>
<td>2024</td>
<td>Italy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>
Shelterwood harvests promote high breeding bird
diversity and shrubland species for less than 10 years
in hardwood forests
</td>
<td>
Cathryn H. Greenberg , Maria Whitehead , J. Drew
Lanham
</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>North Carolina, USA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>
Large trees as a key factor for bird diversity in
spruce-dominated production forests: Implications for
conservation management
</td>
<td>Dominik Kebrle , Petr Zasadil , Jan Hošek</td>
<td>2021</td>
<td>Czech Republic (CR)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>
Evergreen ivy vines as a key element maintaining the
high diversity of birds wintering in Central European
forests
</td>
<td>Łukasz Kajtoch a, Emilia Grzędzicka</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Southern Poland and central Slovakia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>
Key structural factors and their thresholds for
promoting bird diversity in spruce-dominated
production forests of central Europe
</td>
<td>Dominik Kebrle , Jeňýk Hofmeister</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Czech Republic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>
Breeding bird abundance and species diversity greatest
in high-severity wildfire patches in central hardwood
forests
</td>
<td>Cathryn H. Greenberg , Christopher E. Moorman</td>
<td>2014</td>
<td>Western North Carolina, USA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>
Bird taxonomic and functional diversity, group- and
species-level effects on a gradient of weevil-caused
damage in eucalypt plantations
</td>
<td>Ricardo S. Ceia , Nuno Faria</td>
<td>2018</td>
<td>Central Portugal:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>
Genetic diversity of an invasive tree across time and
contrasting landscape conditions
</td>
<td>Natalia Aguirre-Acosta</td>
<td>2016</td>
<td>China and Korea</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td>
Site and landscape scale drivers of bird and insect
diversity in Native and novel forest ecosystems of
Central Portugal
</td>
<td>Mauro Nereu , Joaquim S. Silva</td>
<td>2015</td>
<td>Coimbra district, Central Portugal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>
Even minor logging road development can decrease the
functional diversity of forest bird communities:
Evidence from a biodiversity hotspot
</td>
<td>Nan Wu , Baoshuang Hu , Yao Wang</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>
Shennongjia World Natural Heritage Site , Hubei
Province, central China
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>
Functional diversity of tree cavities for secondary
cavity-nesting birds in logged subtropical Piedmont
forests of the Andes
</td>
<td>Alejandro . Schaaf, Daniela Gomez,</td>
<td>2020</td>
<td>Northwestern Argentina</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td>
Broadleaf retention benefits to bird diversity in
mid-rotation conifer production stands
</td>
<td>
Matts Lindbladh , Johan Elmberg , Per-Ola Hedwall
</td>
<td>2022</td>
<td>Southern Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td>
Bark beetle infestation spots as biodiversity
hotspots: Canopy gaps resulting from insect outbreaks
enhance the species richness, diversity and abundance
of birds breeding in coniferous forests
</td>
<td>Fabian Przepióra , Jan Loch ,</td>
<td>2020</td>
<td>Tatra Mts.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="table-style" style="width: 50%; overflow-y: hidden">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="td1">No.</td>
<td class="td2">Title</td>
<td class="td3">Author</td>
<td class="td4">Year of publication</td>
<td class="td5">
Study location (city, state, country, continents and climatic zones)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>
Effects of habitat degradation on bird functional
diversity: A field test in the Valdivian rainforest
</td>
<td>
Francisco E. Fontúrbel , Juan F. BetancurtGrisales
</td>
<td>2022</td>
<td>South American countries</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td>
Fire and tree species diversity in tropical peat swamp
forests
</td>
<td>Liubov Volkova , Haruni Krisnawati</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td>
Advantages and limitations of tree mixtures in
enhancing avian diversity in commercial timber
plantations: Early insights from southern China
</td>
<td>Demeng Jiang , Xinran Miao</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Nanning and Chongzuo municipalities in Guangxi.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td>
Effects of tree retention and woody biomass removal on
bird and small mammal communities
</td>
<td>Alexis R. Grinde</td>
<td>2020</td>
<td>Northern Minnesota USA,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td>
Characterising the richness and diversity of forest
bird species using National Forest Inventory data in
Germany
</td>
<td>Judith Reise , Florian Kukulka</td>
<td>2019</td>
<td>Forest area of Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td>
Land use diversity and prey availability structure the
bird communities in Norway spruce plantation forests
</td>
<td>Lucie Vélová , Adam Véle</td>
<td>2021</td>
<td>Czech Republic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td>
Effects of plant species richness on the structure of
plant-bird interaction networks along a 3000-m
elevational gradient in subtropical forests
</td>
<td>Boyu Lei, Yaoyao Tian, Jifa Cui,</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Hubei Province, central China</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td>
Non-native tree plantations are weak substitutes for
near-natural forests regarding plant diversity and
ecological value
</td>
<td>Khanh Vu Ho , György Kröel-Dulay</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Danube and Tisza in Hungary</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>
Examining the temporal effects of wildfires on forest
birds: Should I stay or should I go?
</td>
<td>Roger Puig-Gironès, Lluís Brotons</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Catalonia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25</td>
<td>
Short-term experimental support for bird diversity
retention measures during thinning in European boreal
forests
</td>
<td>Julian Klein , Matthew Low</td>
<td>2022</td>
<td>Central Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>26</td>
<td>
Seasonal patterns of habitat use of resident birds in
Białowieża Forest and its links to post-disturbance
management
</td>
<td>Rosanne J. Michielsen , Michał Żmihorski</td>
<td>2024</td>
<td>Poland and Belarus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27</td>
<td>
Shifting tree species composition affects biodiversity
of multiple taxa in Central European forests
</td>
<td>Jan Leidinger , Markus Blaschke</td>
<td>2021</td>
<td>Southern Germany.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>28</td>
<td>
Beyond beaver wetlands: The engineering activities of
a semi-aquatic mammal mediate the species richness and
abundance of terrestrial birds wintering in a
temperate forest
</td>
<td>Izabela Fedyń , Fabian Przepióra</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>Poland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29</td>
<td>
Differential effects of forestry plantations on bird
diversity: A global assessment
</td>
<td>Gabriel J. Castaño-Villa</td>
<td>2019</td>
<td>
ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect
databases (January 2000 December 2017)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30</td>
<td>
Microhabitat requirements and occupancy of understorey
bird forest specialists in Southern Mistbelt Forests
of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
</td>
<td>Nasiphi Bitani , Craig P. Cordier</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td>South Africa</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="explain" >
Table 2 : Authors, year, journal and study location of the 30
research paper on examining bird diversity between tree
species extracted in this study
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="title" style="width: 100%">Result:</div>
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<div
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<div
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background-image: url('./img/Picture2.png');
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></div>
<div style="margin: 0 5rem">
Table 1: Searching keywords on ScienceDirect databases
(January 2014 January 2024) to extract original research
paper examining bird diversity between tree species
</div>
</div>
<div class="discuss_and_conclu">
<div style="min-width: 50%">
<div class="title">Discussion and Conclusion</div>
<div class="content">
<p>
By using strategic searching, a total of 295 original,
peer reviewed research paper examining bird diversity
between tree species extracted in this study were
identified. A wide range of discipline was discovered,
including arboricultural, ecology, economic, education and
urban plantation, only 11 % of the papers are related to
Bird Diversity between Tree species. Geographic region
distribution of the 30 research papers on examining bird
diversity between tree species extracted in this study as
listed in Table 3, including Africa, United States, Asia,
Europe and so on.
</p>
<p>
Compared with Old Value Trees and Non Old Value Trees
Species Composition in Hong Kong, there are some birds
namely: Tree Sparrow, Feral Pigeon, Spotted Dove,
Yellow-crested Cockatoo, Red-whiskered Bulbul, Crested
Myna, Eurasian Magpie, Oriental Magpie Robin, Japanese
White-eye, Black-collared Starling, Large-billed Crow,
Asian Koel, Great tit, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common
Tailorbird, Masked Laughingthrush, Black crowned Night,
Heron, Red-billed Blue and Magpie found in the top 5
common trees namely <span class="italic">Ficus macrocarpa, Cinnamomum camphora,
Ceiba pentandra, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata and
Albizia lebbeck</span>. The details is listed in table 5.
</p>
<p>
However, it is found that the result may cause by external
factors, such as animal disturbance ( e.g. cats and
squirrels, chemical applications).
</p>
<p>
For future studies, it could focus on some topics,
including connecting and collaborating the multi-levels of
urban forestation, expanding the program to large- scales
identification, policy and planning improvements, seeking
strategic solutions and conduct scientific studies to
achieve the bird diversity between tree species.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div>
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<div style="width: 33%">
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
background-image: url('./img/Picture3.png');
background-size: contain;
background-position: center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;"></div>
<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 3 : Geographic region distribution of the 30 research papers on examining bird diversity between tree species extracted in this study</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 33%">
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
background-image: url('./img/Picture4.png');
background-size: contain;
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<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 4 : Top 5 Old Value Trees and Non Old Value Trees Species Composition in Hong Kong</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 33%">
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
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<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 5: Bird species found in TOP 5 of Old Value Trees and with other trees</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
<div>
<!-- references -->
<div>
<div>
<b>References:</b>
<ul>
<li>
Barth James, B., Ian FitzGibbon, S., & Stuart Wilson, R.
(2015). New urban developments that retain more remnant
trees have greater bird diversity
doi:https://doi.org.eproxy.vtclib9.vtc.edu.hk/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.003
</li>
<li>
Le Roux, D. S., Ikin, K., Lindenmayer, D. B., Manning, A.
D., & Gibbons, P. (2014). The future of large old trees in
urban landscapes. Plos One, 9(6), e99403. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099403
</li>
<li>
Jim, C.Y., Chan, W.H.,2016. Urban greenspace delivery in
Hong Kong: Spatial-institutional limitations and solution.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 18. 65-85
</li>
<li>
Roy, S., Byrne, J.A., Pickering, C., 2012. A systematic
quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and
assessment methods across cities in different climatic
zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11, 351-363.
</li>
<li>
Stagoll, K., Lindenmayer, D. B., Knight, E., Fischer, J., &
Manning, A. D. (2012). Large trees are keystone structures
in urban parks. Conservation Letters, 5(2), 115-122.
doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00216.x
</li>
<li>
Shmelev, S.E., Shmeleva, I.A., 2009. Sustainable Cities:
problems of integrated interdisciplinary research,
International Journal of Sustainable Development 12, 4-23.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- references end -->
</div>
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