706 lines
30 KiB
HTML
706 lines
30 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>A1</title>
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<div
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style="
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filter: opacity(0.5);
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background-image: url('./bg_top.jpg');
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background-position: center;
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background-size: cover;
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height: 50%;
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<div
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style="
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filter: opacity(0.5);
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background-image: url('./bg_bottom.jpg');
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background-position: center;
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background-size: cover;
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height: 50%;
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<div
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style="
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position: relative;
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top: -846mm;
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height: 841mm;
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background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
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padding-top: 10mm;
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padding-left: 10mm;
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padding-right: 10mm;
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"
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>
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<!-- header -->
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<div style="text-align: center">
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<h1 style="font-size: 3rem">Proposed Research Project</h1>
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<div>The Bird Diversity Between Tree Species in Hong Kong</div>
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<div>UCLAN ID: G21260508</div>
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<div>Email: MLEE1414@student.myersough.ac.uk</div>
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</div>
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<!-- header -->
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<!-- body -->
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 2rem">
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<div>
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<!-- part1 -->
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<div
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style="
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: row;
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justify-content: space-between;
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gap: 1rem;
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"
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>
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<div class="intro_and_meth">
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<div class="cell">
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<div class="title">Introduction :</div>
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<div class="content">
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<p>
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This study focus on the bird diversity between tree
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species in Hong Kong. Stagoll et al. (2012) mentioned that
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old trees can be greater quantity of eatable food sources
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for different type of organisms. Furthermore, according
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Barth et al. (2015), established trees can attract more
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birds than young tree because it can generate more fruits
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and generate tree hollows.
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</p>
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<p>
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This paper is to investigate i) the necessary and
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advantages on implementing a holistic green planning
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including to introduce more tree species which could
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easily accommodate different kind of bird and the
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possibility of alternative proposal in urban greenery, ii)
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to study whether bird species are correlated with the
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species and iii) current situation of tree species and
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bird species in Hong Kong and assessing the opportunities
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and the barrier on implementation at present.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="cell">
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<div class="title">Methodology:</div>
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<div class="content">
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<p>
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The study will be based on a systemic search and
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categorizing of relevant literature review on
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ScienceDirect databases (January 2014 – January 2024) to
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extract original research paper examining bird diversity
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between tree species , relevant literatures published
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between March 2014 to March 2024 only with English
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language. Papers will includes the data collection and
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analysis. Conference proceedings and papers difficult to
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locate were exclude. Evidence for showing importance on
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linkage of local, district and regional green forestry
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with bird diversity are summaries in general.
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</p>
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<p>
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For the species of trees, Old Value Trees and non Old
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Values Trees in Hong Kong will be selected for flied work.
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Information will be analysis by the statistical method,
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describing data using descriptive statistics ( e.g.
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graphical presentation)
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</p>
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<p>
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For the tool collecting tree bird data, the range finder
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app and binoculars will be used as estimate the tree
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height and use to count the far objects.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div style="min-width: 55%;">
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: 3rem; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.5); padding: 1rem;;">
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<div class="table-style" style="width: 50%; overflow-y: hidden">
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="td1">No.</td>
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<td class="td2">Title</td>
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<td class="td3">Author</td>
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<td class="td4">Year of publication</td>
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<td class="td5">
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Study location (city, state, country, continents and climatic zones)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>1</td>
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<td>
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Single dead trees matter: Small-scale canopy gaps
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increase the species richness, diversity and abundance
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of birds breeding in a temperate deciduous forest
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</td>
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<td>Pawe Lewandowski, Fabian Przepióra</td>
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<td>2021</td>
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<td>Carpathians (SE Poland)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>2</td>
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<td>
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How do edge effect and tree species diversity change
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bird diversity and avian nest survival in Germany’s
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largest deciduous forest?
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</td>
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<td>Péter Batáry, Stefanie Fronczek</td>
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<td>2014</td>
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<td>Hainich National Park, Germany.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>3</td>
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<td>
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Relating forest structural characteristics to bat and
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bird diversity in the Italian Alps
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</td>
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<td>Francesca Rigo, Chiara Paniccia</td>
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<td>2024</td>
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<td>Italy</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>4</td>
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<td>
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Shelterwood harvests promote high breeding bird
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diversity and shrubland species for less than 10 years
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in hardwood forests
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</td>
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<td>
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Cathryn H. Greenberg , Maria Whitehead , J. Drew
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Lanham
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</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>North Carolina, USA.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>5</td>
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<td>
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Large trees as a key factor for bird diversity in
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spruce-dominated production forests: Implications for
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conservation management
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</td>
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<td>Dominik Kebrle , Petr Zasadil , Jan Hošek</td>
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<td>2021</td>
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<td>Czech Republic (CR)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>6</td>
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<td>
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Evergreen ivy vines as a key element maintaining the
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high diversity of birds wintering in Central European
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forests
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</td>
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<td>Łukasz Kajtoch a, Emilia Grzędzicka</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Southern Poland and central Slovakia</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>7</td>
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<td>
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Key structural factors and their thresholds for
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promoting bird diversity in spruce-dominated
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production forests of central Europe
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</td>
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<td>Dominik Kebrle , Jeňýk Hofmeister</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Czech Republic</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>8</td>
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<td>
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Breeding bird abundance and species diversity greatest
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in high-severity wildfire patches in central hardwood
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forests
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</td>
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<td>Cathryn H. Greenberg , Christopher E. Moorman</td>
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<td>2014</td>
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<td>Western North Carolina, USA</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>9</td>
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<td>
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Bird taxonomic and functional diversity, group- and
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species-level effects on a gradient of weevil-caused
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damage in eucalypt plantations
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</td>
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<td>Ricardo S. Ceia , Nuno Faria</td>
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<td>2018</td>
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<td>Central Portugal:</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>10</td>
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<td>
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Genetic diversity of an invasive tree across time and
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contrasting landscape conditions
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</td>
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<td>Natalia Aguirre-Acosta</td>
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<td>2016</td>
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<td>China and Korea</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>11</td>
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<td>
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Site and landscape scale drivers of bird and insect
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diversity in Native and novel forest ecosystems of
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Central Portugal
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</td>
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<td>Mauro Nereu , Joaquim S. Silva</td>
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<td>2015</td>
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<td>Coimbra district, Central Portugal</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>12</td>
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<td>
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Even minor logging road development can decrease the
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functional diversity of forest bird communities:
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Evidence from a biodiversity hotspot
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</td>
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<td>Nan Wu , Baoshuang Hu , Yao Wang</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>
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Shennongjia World Natural Heritage Site , Hubei
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Province, central China
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>13</td>
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<td>
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Functional diversity of tree cavities for secondary
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cavity-nesting birds in logged subtropical Piedmont
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forests of the Andes
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</td>
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<td>Alejandro . Schaaf, Daniela Gomez,</td>
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<td>2020</td>
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<td>Northwestern Argentina</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>14</td>
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<td>
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Broadleaf retention benefits to bird diversity in
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mid-rotation conifer production stands
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</td>
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<td>
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Matts Lindbladh , Johan Elmberg , Per-Ola Hedwall
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</td>
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<td>2022</td>
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<td>Southern Sweden</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>15</td>
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<td>
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Bark beetle infestation spots as biodiversity
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hotspots: Canopy gaps resulting from insect outbreaks
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enhance the species richness, diversity and abundance
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of birds breeding in coniferous forests
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</td>
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<td>Fabian Przepióra , Jan Loch ,</td>
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<td>2020</td>
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<td>Tatra Mts.</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<div class="table-style" style="width: 50%; overflow-y: hidden">
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="td1">No.</td>
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<td class="td2">Title</td>
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<td class="td3">Author</td>
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<td class="td4">Year of publication</td>
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<td class="td5">
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Study location (city, state, country, continents and climatic zones)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>16</td>
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<td>
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Effects of habitat degradation on bird functional
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diversity: A field test in the Valdivian rainforest
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</td>
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<td>
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Francisco E. Fontúrbel , Juan F. Betancurt‐Grisales
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</td>
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<td>2022</td>
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<td>South American countries</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>17</td>
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<td>
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Fire and tree species diversity in tropical peat swamp
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forests
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</td>
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<td>Liubov Volkova , Haruni Krisnawati</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Indonesia</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>18</td>
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<td>
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Advantages and limitations of tree mixtures in
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enhancing avian diversity in commercial timber
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plantations: Early insights from southern China
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</td>
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<td>Demeng Jiang , Xinran Miao</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Nanning and Chongzuo municipalities in Guangxi.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>19</td>
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<td>
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Effects of tree retention and woody biomass removal on
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bird and small mammal communities
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</td>
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<td>Alexis R. Grinde</td>
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<td>2020</td>
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<td>Northern Minnesota USA,</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>20</td>
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<td>
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Characterising the richness and diversity of forest
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bird species using National Forest Inventory data in
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Germany
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</td>
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<td>Judith Reise , Florian Kukulka</td>
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<td>2019</td>
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<td>Forest area of Germany</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>21</td>
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<td>
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Land use diversity and prey availability structure the
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bird communities in Norway spruce plantation forests
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</td>
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<td>Lucie Vélová , Adam Véle</td>
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<td>2021</td>
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<td>Czech Republic</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>22</td>
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<td>
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Effects of plant species richness on the structure of
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plant-bird interaction networks along a 3000-m
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elevational gradient in subtropical forests
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</td>
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<td>Boyu Lei, Yaoyao Tian, Jifa Cui,</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Hubei Province, central China</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>23</td>
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<td>
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Non-native tree plantations are weak substitutes for
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near-natural forests regarding plant diversity and
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ecological value
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</td>
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<td>Khanh Vu Ho , György Kröel-Dulay</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Danube and Tisza in Hungary</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>24</td>
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<td>
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Examining the temporal effects of wildfires on forest
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birds: Should I stay or should I go?
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</td>
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<td>Roger Puig-Gironès, Lluís Brotons</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Catalonia</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>25</td>
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<td>
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Short-term experimental support for bird diversity
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retention measures during thinning in European boreal
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forests
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</td>
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<td>Julian Klein , Matthew Low</td>
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<td>2022</td>
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<td>Central Sweden</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>26</td>
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<td>
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Seasonal patterns of habitat use of resident birds in
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Białowieża Forest and its links to post-disturbance
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management
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</td>
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<td>Rosanne J. Michielsen , Michał Żmihorski</td>
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<td>2024</td>
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<td>Poland and Belarus</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>27</td>
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<td>
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Shifting tree species composition affects biodiversity
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of multiple taxa in Central European forests
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</td>
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<td>Jan Leidinger , Markus Blaschke</td>
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<td>2021</td>
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<td>Southern Germany.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>28</td>
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<td>
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Beyond beaver wetlands: The engineering activities of
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a semi-aquatic mammal mediate the species richness and
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abundance of terrestrial birds wintering in a
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temperate forest
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</td>
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<td>Izabela Fedyń , Fabian Przepióra</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>Poland</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>29</td>
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<td>
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Differential effects of forestry plantations on bird
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diversity: A global assessment
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</td>
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<td>Gabriel J. Castaño-Villa</td>
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<td>2019</td>
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<td>
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||
ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect
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databases (January 2000 – December 2017)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>30</td>
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<td>
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Microhabitat requirements and occupancy of understorey
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bird forest specialists in Southern Mistbelt Forests
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of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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</td>
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<td>Nasiphi Bitani , Craig P. Cordier</td>
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<td>2023</td>
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<td>South Africa</td>
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||
</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="explain" >
|
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Table 2 : Authors, year, journal and study location of the 30
|
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research paper on examining bird diversity between tree
|
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species extracted in this study
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||
</div>
|
||
</div>
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||
</div>
|
||
<!-- part1 end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<!-- part2 -->
|
||
<div class="title" style="width: 100%">Result:</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
style="
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
flex-direction: row;
|
||
justify-content: space-between;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
gap: 3rem;
|
||
"
|
||
>
|
||
<div
|
||
style="
|
||
min-width: 50%;
|
||
height: 700px;
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
flex-direction: column;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
style="
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
background-image: url('./img/Picture2.png');
|
||
background-size: contain;
|
||
background-position: center;
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||
"
|
||
></div>
|
||
<div style="margin: 0 5rem">
|
||
Table 1: Searching keywords on ScienceDirect databases
|
||
(January 2014 – January 2024) to extract original research
|
||
paper examining bird diversity between tree species
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="discuss_and_conclu">
|
||
<div style="min-width: 50%">
|
||
<div class="title">Discussion and Conclusion</div>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<p>
|
||
By using strategic searching, a total of 295 original,
|
||
peer reviewed research paper examining bird diversity
|
||
between tree species extracted in this study were
|
||
identified. A wide range of discipline was discovered,
|
||
including arboricultural, ecology, economic, education and
|
||
urban plantation, only 11 % of the papers are related to
|
||
Bird Diversity between Tree species. Geographic region
|
||
distribution of the 30 research papers on examining bird
|
||
diversity between tree species extracted in this study as
|
||
listed in Table 3, including Africa, United States, Asia,
|
||
Europe and so on.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Compared with Old Value Trees and Non Old Value Trees
|
||
Species Composition in Hong Kong, there are some birds
|
||
namely: Tree Sparrow, Feral Pigeon, Spotted Dove,
|
||
Yellow-crested Cockatoo, Red-whiskered Bulbul, Crested
|
||
Myna, Eurasian Magpie, Oriental Magpie Robin, Japanese
|
||
White-eye, Black-collared Starling, Large-billed Crow,
|
||
Asian Koel, Great tit, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common
|
||
Tailorbird, Masked Laughingthrush, Black crowned Night,
|
||
Heron, Red-billed Blue and Magpie found in the top 5
|
||
common trees namely <span class="italic">Ficus macrocarpa, Cinnamomum camphora,
|
||
Ceiba pentandra, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata and
|
||
Albizia lebbeck</span>. The details is listed in table 5.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
However, it is found that the result may cause by external
|
||
factors, such as animal disturbance ( e.g. cats and
|
||
squirrels, chemical applications).
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
For future studies, it could focus on some topics,
|
||
including connecting and collaborating the multi-levels of
|
||
urban forestation, expanding the program to large- scales
|
||
identification, policy and planning improvements, seeking
|
||
strategic solutions and conduct scientific studies to
|
||
achieve the bird diversity between tree species.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- part2 end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<!-- part3 -->
|
||
<div
|
||
style="
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
flex-direction: row;
|
||
gap: 1rem;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
justify-content: space-evenly;
|
||
"
|
||
>
|
||
<div style="width: 33%">
|
||
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
|
||
background-image: url('./img/Picture3.png');
|
||
background-size: contain;
|
||
background-position: center;
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;"></div>
|
||
<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 3 : Geographic region distribution of the 30 research papers on examining bird diversity between tree species extracted in this study</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div style="width: 33%">
|
||
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
|
||
background-image: url('./img/Picture4.png');
|
||
background-size: contain;
|
||
background-position: center;
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;"></div>
|
||
<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 4 : Top 5 Old Value Trees and Non Old Value Trees Species Composition in Hong Kong</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div style="width: 33%">
|
||
<div style="height: 400px; width: 100%;
|
||
background-image: url('./img/Picture5.png');
|
||
background-size: contain;
|
||
background-position: center;
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;"></div>
|
||
<div style="margin-top: 3rem;">Table 5: Bird species found in TOP 5 of Old Value Trees and with other trees</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- part3 end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<!-- references -->
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<b>References:</b>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Barth James, B., Ian FitzGibbon, S., & Stuart Wilson, R.
|
||
(2015). New urban developments that retain more remnant
|
||
trees have greater bird diversity
|
||
doi:https://doi.org.eproxy.vtclib9.vtc.edu.hk/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.003
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Le Roux, D. S., Ikin, K., Lindenmayer, D. B., Manning, A.
|
||
D., & Gibbons, P. (2014). The future of large old trees in
|
||
urban landscapes. Plos One, 9(6), e99403. Retrieved from
|
||
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099403
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Jim, C.Y., Chan, W.H.,2016. Urban greenspace delivery in
|
||
Hong Kong: Spatial-institutional limitations and solution.
|
||
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 18. 65-85
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Roy, S., Byrne, J.A., Pickering, C., 2012. A systematic
|
||
quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and
|
||
assessment methods across cities in different climatic
|
||
zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11, 351-363.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Stagoll, K., Lindenmayer, D. B., Knight, E., Fischer, J., &
|
||
Manning, A. D. (2012). Large trees are keystone structures
|
||
in urban parks. Conservation Letters, 5(2), 115-122.
|
||
doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00216.x
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Shmelev, S.E., Shmeleva, I.A., 2009. Sustainable Cities:
|
||
problems of integrated interdisciplinary research,
|
||
International Journal of Sustainable Development 12, 4-23.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- references end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- body -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|